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James Clerk Maxwell was a 19th-century Scottish physicist known for developing theories of electric and magnetic forces. His contributions led to important advances in many fields, including electromagnetism, optics, and thermodynamics. He was born in Edinburgh on June 13, 1831, and died on November 5, 1879.

Maxwell developed electromagnetic theory through his research into the relationship between electric and magnetic forces. He formulated the fundamental equations of electromagnetic theory, known as Maxwell's equations. These equations describe the propagation of electromagnetic waves and the properties of light, and provide a mathematical framework for capturing the interaction of electricity and magnetism. They consist of four equations known as Maxwell's equations, and are the foundation of modern physics and electrical engineering.

Maxwell also made important contributions to the field of optics. He studied the electrical and magnetic properties of light and proposed a theory to explain phenomena such as light propagation and refraction. This is considered a revolutionary contribution to optical theory, and Maxwell's theory of optics served as the foundational theory of optics until the advent of quantum mechanics.

Maxwell also made important discoveries in the field of thermodynamics. He studied the relationship between the theory of molecular motion and thermodynamics, and developed a thermodynamic interpretation of the theory of molecular motion. His theoretical contributions greatly influenced the fundamental theory of thermodynamics and the development of statistical physics.